Journal of Cyber Security and Risk Auditing

Journal of Cyber Security and Risk Auditing

ISSN: 3079-5354 (Online)

Publishing model:

: Open access
open accessOpen Access

Article

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Saliency-Aware Steganography with a Hybrid AES and RSA with LSB Embedding

by 

Abdullah S. AL-Malaise Alghamdi Orcid link ;

Rana Alrawashdeh Orcid link

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Published: 2026/06/30

Abstract

Image steganography hides secret data within digital media, such as images, without detection. Traditional stenographic methods struggle with three major problems including limited data capacity, susceptibility to attacks, and compromised visual quality. In this work, we propose a new framework, based on the BossBase dataset, that combines hybrid encryption with saliency-based adaptive embedding to select the most effective regions for data concealment in cover images. We encrypt the secret image in the first step using a hybrid encryption approach, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm, where AES is first used to encrypt the secret image and the AES key is then RSA-encrypted for dual layer encryption. Bitwise triplication technique and majority voting are incorporated to protect the encrypted key from bit errors. Then, we generate a hybrid histogram equalization (HE) map from the cover image's saliency map to embed the secret image. During the embedding process, we use the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique, which selects areas in the hybrid map derived from the cover image with low visual sensitivity for embedding data. The system evaluation includes multiple performance metrics, including Peak-to-Signal Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Bit Error Rate (BER), payload capacity, and execution time. The experimental results show excellent imperceptibility for all secret image sizes (64×64, 128×128, 192×192) with PSNR values above 58 dB and SSIM values above 0. 9995.The system succeeded in reconstructing completely imperceptible content with BER = 0. The reconstructed contents had infinite PSNR and SSIM = 1.0000 against any image Perturbations) including noise, blurring, compression, and cropping (. All the conventional steganalysis and the deep-learning–based steganalysis (RS, CRM, Xu-Net, Ye-Net) failed to detect the embedded signals.

Keywords

Image SteganographyRSAAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES)Saliency Map.

Doi Link

https://doi.org/10.63180/jcsra.thestap.2026.2.4

How to Cite the Article

Alghamdi, A. S. A.-M., & Alrawashdeh, R. (2026). Saliency-Aware Steganography with a Hybrid AES and RSA with LSB Embedding. Journal of Cyber Security and Risk Auditing, 2026(2), 196–214. https://doi.org/10.63180/jcsra.thestap.2026.2.4

Saliency-Aware Steganography with a Hybrid AES and RSA with LSB Embedding is licensed under CC BY 4.0CCBY

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